NEW YORK (AP) -- Usually out of the national spotlight, state legislative races are taking on new prominence this year. The reason? It's a year ending in a zero, when U.S. census results are the cue for state lawmakers to draw new boundaries for congressional districts across the country.
"State legislators will have the pen in their hands," says former Rep. Tom Reynolds of New York, who heads the national redistricting effort for the Republican State Leadership Committee.
By law, the nation's 435 U.S. House districts must be roughly equal in population, which means some of their boundaries must be redrawn whenever the census reveals significant population shifts over the past decade.
The task is done by state lawmakers and governors in most states, and the political party that controls the state legislature has the edge in drawing new boundaries. Democrats currently hold the advantage, controlling 60 of 98 state House and Senate chambers.
But with the national political environment appearing to favor the GOP, Republicans predict they could capture as many as 15 of those chambers. Such a shift could lead to the creation of several new Republican-leaning U.S. House districts -- shifting the balance of power as well as the electoral map going into the 2012 presidential contest.
"Since Democrats are certain to lose a good chunk of their majority in the House this year, a margin of five or ten new seats could be very consequential," said Thomas Mann, a political scientist at the Brookings Institution.
Democrats are more optimistic about their chances in the states, noting they gained legislative seats this year in special elections in GOP-leaning areas of Virginia and Kentucky, even as approval ratings for President Barack Obama and Democrats in Congress sagged.
But when voters are angry at government, their ire is directed at those in charge. Sargeant acknowledged a special burden exists for Democrats because they control more state House and Senate chambers than Republicans. "Times are tough, and people are angry, and legislators are making tough decisions," he said.
There are two factors that can make a state a special target for attention from the national parties in this year's state house elections: whether it is likely to gain or lose House seats because of population shifts, and whether its legislature is controlled by a narrow majority. Both circumstances magnify the chances for partisan gains in redistricting.
Six states -- Nevada, Texas, Michigan, Ohio, New York and Pennsylvania -- fall into both categories.
Redistricting is particularly crucial for the 18 states most likely to gain or lose House seats, based on national population shifts detected by the census. Legislatures in growing states will largely determine the partisan composition of brand-new districts, while lawmakers in states that are losing seats will determine how multiple districts are merged.
As population continues to shift toward the Sun Belt in the South and Southwest, states in the Northeast and industrial Midwest including Pennsylvania, New York and Illinois are expected to lose one seat apiece, while Ohio could lose two. States in the South and West, like Georgia, Nevada and New Mexico, are expected to pick up at least one seat each.
The biggest prize for both parties may be Texas, which is expected to add four new House seats after the census. Republicans narrowly control both chambers of the legislature there, but Democrats have been steadily gaining ground.
The state's congressional composition drew national attention beginning in 2003, when former Republican U.S. Rep. Tom DeLay, then the House majority leader, engineered a brash and unusual mid-decade redistricting effort that swept several Democratic incumbents out of the state House. Texas now has 20 Republicans in the House to just 12 Democrats -- the largest GOP delegation of any state.
But the state's rapid population growth comes primarily from younger and minority residents, who tend to be more Democratic than older white voters there. So while Texas has been solidly Republican in presidential elections, Democrats could actually gain congressional seats in the state, especially if the state House or Senate changes hands.
State Rep. Garnet Coleman, a co-chair of Democratic political efforts in Texas state races, said he was optimistic Democrats could win the state House this year. "We picked up seats when (former President George W.) Bush was on the ballot, and we picked up seats when Obama was on the ballot. The idea that people vote in a block based on national circumstances is false," Coleman said.
With their party's standing in Washington sagging, that's a sentiment many Democrats share.
"At the state legislative level, you can run a purely grassroots campaign and still win," said Jay Goyal, an Ohio Democratic assemblyman who chairs his party's legislative campaign committee. Goyal said he advises candidates to "just focus on what's important to the people of the district, especially jobs, jobs, jobs."
That assessment isn't shared by Michigan Republican Party Chairman Ron Weiser, who predicted his party would maintain its narrow control of the Senate in large part because of the national political mood.
"The electorate is certainly very receptive right now to what Republicans are talking about," Weiser said.
Strict term limits in Michigan mean 29 of the state's 38 senators aren't seeking re-election this year -- leveling the playing field for both parties while setting off a scramble to recruit and train good candidates to run.
Michigan Democratic Chairman Mark Brewer said the large number of open seats was a good thing, given voter disgust with incumbents of both parties. "All these new folks are not the target of any anger," Brewer said.
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